8Throughout, we will casually treat logs of factors like as equivalent to the level minus 1; that is, we will treat expressions like those in (7) as interchangeable, which is an appropriate approximation so long as the factor is ‘close’ to 1.
as equivalent to the level minus 1; that is,
we will treat expressions like those in (7) as interchangeable, which is an appropriate approximation so long as
the factor is ‘close’ to 1.